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NATIONAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:  TOWARDS A NATIONAL RESPONSE TO 

POLITICAL RIVALRY IN THE CONTEXT OF NIGERIA 

YUSUF J. LUXMAN, Ph.D. 

POST GRADUATE STUDIES 

GINDIRI THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 

(AN AFFILIATE OF UNIVERSITY OF JOS) 

PLATEAU STATE NIGERIA 

                                                                luxmanyusuf1@gmail.com  

 

ABSTRACT 

The Nigerian quest to have a system of government that is potent has continually being marred 

by individual political interests at the expense of national interest. Political rivalry is 

considered as a threat which has continued to linger on the minds of citizens whose patriotism 

hangs on the Nigerian common goals and objectives. Although many approaches have been 

utilized to curb the scourge of political rivalry in Nigeria, yet individual party interest seems 

to be life and well in the Nigerian political atmosphere. This paper premised on the Nigerian 

National goals and objectives as the catalyst for neutralizing the scourge of political rivalry 

and its stubborn effects on national common interest. This contribution is actualized through a 

systematic review of relevant materials explored within the Nigerian national policies and 

other secondary recourses that have unpack corresponding views on the subject under 

consideration. Other supporting discourses include an overview of the Nigerian context, 

Nigerian political system, national policies on national aspirations, political parties in Nigeria, 

political rivalry in Nigeria, scourge of political rivalry in Nigeria and national response to 

political rivalry in Nigeria. The paper concluded that as an institution, the judiciary and other 

forms of law enforcement agents in Nigeria can be more viable if focus is fully placed on 

practical implementation and actualization of the Nigerian common goals and objectives 

irrespective of individual party or political affiliations.  

 

Keywords: National, goals and objectives, response, political, rivalry, Nigeria     

 

INTRODUCTION 

The effort and commitment of the Nigerian system of government to actualize a dependable 

and viable system of government has often been flawed by individual political ambitions at the 

detriment of common interest. The obstruction mostly expressed connotation of rivalry in the 

way politics is being practiced in Nigeria. The ugly situation is mostly attributed to the Nigerian 

context which is evidently characterized by negative application of pluralism. Contextually, 

Nigeria is based known as a multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-ethnic and multi-political 

nation when compared with other nations in Africa and particularly the in the western milieu. 

National Goals And Objectives:  Towards A National Response… - Yusuf J. Luxman, Ph.D. 

 

mailto:luxmanyusuf1@gmail.com


                                     

 

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Political rivalry comes to fore when politics is practiced on the basis of religious, ethnic, 

language or party interest. In view of the seemingly projection of individual goal and objections 

based on the elements of pluralism in Nigeria and how this has adversely affected the smooth 

implementation of the Nigerian policies which are often documented and reviewed with the 

sole aim of achieving national goals and objectives.  

Taking into account attempts by government to respond to the scourge of political rivalry in 

Nigeria, this paper called into question the Nigerian response and its potency in mitigating 

political rivalry and its effects on common development goals and objectives. In the quest to 

discover the roots causes of rivalry in the Nigerian political arena, the paper highlights the 

various elements that constitute the Nigerian context. Attention was given to the contentious 

atmosphere within the political sphere which is characterized by religio-cultural and socio-

political interests. These interests often result into division, factions and violence between 

conflicting parties. Understanding the Nigerian political system as captured in the paper forms 

part of the background towards examining the Nigerian national goals and objectives. The 

policies are documented and reviewed based on contextual inferences and institutional 

demands with the aim of achieving national goals and objectives.  

While highlighting the Nigerian quest for human holistic development, the paper examined 

policies on national aspirations and the modalities proposed by government towards the 

realizing its goals and objectives. Political rivalry in the Nigerian polity as delineated in this 

paper connotes envy and competitiveness in the quest for political opportunities among partisan 

politicians. Such political indifferent attitude is rooted in the attempt to project individual 

sentiments that are detrimental to common goals and objectives. Conceptually, Nigerian 

national goals and objectives and its nexus with Nigerian aspirations and particularly national 

development plans remains the driving force among political aspirants and flag bearers. The 

paper concluded that the scourge of political rivalry can be neutralized when partisans are 

guided by national development plans which aim at achieving a collective goal and objective.      

  

THE NIGERIAN CONTEXT           

The complexity of Nigeria as the most populated Nation State in Africa is attributed to its multi-

ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi religious character. In all, it has about 390 ethnic 

groups. Three quarters are from the Middle Belt and forty-four of these are from central 

Nigeria. According to Ogunleye (2021), the pluralistic nature of Nigeria contributed greatly to 

the eruption of different forms of conflict experienced in most parts of Nigeria. 

According to Oyebode, (2022) Nigeria’s complex socio-political identities have been exploited 

by those who wish to use its ethnic and religious diversity as a reason to engage in violent 

conflict against human life. He further stated how Nigeria is today a context engulfed with 

religious and ethnic intolerance.  Sometimes beginning from a simple misunderstanding, they 

can metamorphose into religious, communal, and ethnic conflagration Nigerian urban and semi 



 
 

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urban areas have been affected most by these religious and multi ethnic conflicts. Whenever 

conflicts of this nature reoccur, they erupt much more and claim many more casualties. 

In the light of this reality, ethno-religious and socio-political conflicts in contemporary Nigeria 

are attributed to the contentious environment shaped by multiplicity of religions, socio-

economic instability, Political rivalry and grave individual interest for amassing wealth at the 

expense of human dignity. Kolapo and Njoku (2022) further hold that, ethnic and religious 

conflicts against human life are attributed to such ill-gotten power, superiority, wealth linked 

to the religious and ethnic identities. This is contained in the discriminatory attitude of those in 

power. In recent decades religious and ethnic affiliation have become major criteria for 

appointments to key offices, the military, the police force, the civil service, enrolment in 

schools, colleges and universities the military, the police force, the civil service, enrolment in 

schools, colleges and universities, and so on. 

In a report on Nigeria at 2050, Nigeria is rated as the most complex country in Africa. This is 

attributed to its over increasing population and its multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural 

and multi religious character. In all, it has about 500 ethnic groups. Three quarters are from the 

Middle Belt and forty-four of these are from Plateau State. As pointed out in this report, the 

pluralistic nature of Nigeria has contributed and will greatly contribute to forms of violence 

and poverty due to its pluralistic nature. The report further holds that due to the pluralistic 

nature of Nigeria, ethnic culture have wrongly been utilized to breed tribalism, manipulation 

of religious sentiments, regionalism, religious fundamentalism, and political tension which has 

left the country in a trail of destructive violence that does not only threatened the integrity of 

Nigeria but also threatens human life (Yebona, 2022).  

This contentious situation according to Nirmalasari and Sarwono (2021) presents an 

atmosphere of rancor and domination within the Nigerian community. They further argued that, 

violence can be triggered through symbols because they can speak and provoke the people’s 

emotions which mostly result into violence. Accordingly, the violence in Nigeria does not only 

seek to destroy or cause physical damage to lives and properties but also has psychological 

connotations that undermine human dignity due to cultural, religious, or political affiliations.  

Human Rights Watch (2021) while searching for the root causes for rancor and prejudice which 

helped to contribute to use of violence, could conclude.  The leaders of Christian indigene 

groups often openly accuse the Hausa- Fulani of attempting to take over their land, “dominate” 

the minority groups, and impose Islam on the region. They also point to the willingness of the 

Hausa-Fulani to resort to violence to achieve these ends. 

From the forgoing, the context of Nigeria assumes an environment favorably disposed for 

breeding political tension and other forms of violence against human life. As highlighted, ethnic 

and religious rivalry presents an atmosphere of despair and uncertainty not only on economic 

emancipation of the Nigerian citizens, but also affect the realization of the Nigerian 

development goals and objectives. 

 

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NIGERIAN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 

National development planning represents a contextual research and potent plans which 

prioritize particular activities utilizing available resources towards achieving well articulated 

goals and objectives (Alweendo, 2017). While delineating the conceptual understanding of the 

Nigerian national development plans, Tedaro, argued that development planning should be seen 

as a composition of multi-dimensional process involving structural, attitudinal and institutional 

changes.  

Thus development plans encompasses mercenaries set in place to accelerate economic 

sustainable growth that has the capacity to cope with new trends towards achieving political, 

economic and social objectives. It is described as government response towards improving the 

standard of living of citizens of a particular government (Iheanacho, 2014). According to 

Ejumudo (2008) planning is as old as mankind involving all facets of human endeavor. Thus, 

planning has continually become the center stage in almost every human society and since it 

embraces aspects of human activity, it can conceptually be described as a means to an end 

(Ejumudo, 2008). In principle, planning presupposes pro-activeness and time consciousness on 

when and how activities are carried out with the sole aim of achieving national goals and 

objectives. 

Although attempts were made to develop a national development plan before Nigeria got her 

independence, this paper focused on the national development plans aftermath Nigerian 

independence. The selection of the category is based on the idea that before independence 

national goals and objectives were master minded by colonial administration which seemed to 

project colonial goals and objectives at the expense of Nigerian development plans. 

Comparatively, development plans initiated after independence are man by the Nigerian 

Government and the processes of implementation coordinated by government policies and 

institution which are saddled with the responsibility of enforcing national policies towards 

actualizing national goals and objectives.  

Historically, the first National Development Plan which was between the years 1962-1968 was 

launched after independence in 1960. The desired objectives included, cultivating a favorable 

environment where national income could be equally distributed irrespective of ethnic, 

religious, political affiliations, economic growth could be accelerated, generation of savings 

for viable investments nationally and internationally and uplifting standard of living for 

Nigerians with particular emphasis on food security, housing and development of viable 

infrastructure of the nation (Onyenwigwe, 2009). As documented and impressive as this plan 

could be, history have shown that this development plan was weaken ethnic rivalry which led 

to civil war from (1967-1970) (Iheanacho 2014).  

The second development plan was constructed immediately after the civil war around 1970-

1974. Taking into account the contextual background of Nigeria, the development plan centered 

on the restoration of peace Nigeria had enjoyed before. Thus, it was captioned, National 

development plan of reconciliation, reconstruction and rehabilitation. Although, this plan 



 
 

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recorded a significant improvement, yet was marred by vagueness, incompetent leaders, lack 

of finance, corruption and mono-cultural oil economy between (1975-1980).  Other 

development plans include the National development plan that was captioned development of 

oil boom plan. The non-realization of the objective of this plan was attributed to religious, 

political and ethnic rivalry.  

The fourth development plan (1981-1985) constructed aftermath military intervention in 1966. 

It was aimed at consolidating the third development plan in its targets and policy formations. 

It recorded a significant development on generating funds through petroleum revenue. 

However, due to dwindling resources, high cost of living, and unemployment, most 

government projects were abandoned. The dwindling resources were also attributed to 

individual interest such as religio-cultural and socio-political bigotry and mismanagement of 

public funds (Adedeji 1989).  

From the foregoing, it can be argued that although the series of the National development plans 

were well articulated, constructed, recorded and often reviewed yet they were pressured and 

made into a public disappointment in the face of underdevelopment in all facets of life in the 

Nigerian polity. From the inferences, the failures are attributed to achieving individual goals 

and objectives at the expense of common goals and objectives.      

 

NIGERIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM 

The Nigerian political system cannot be told devoid of referencing the attainment of Nigerian 

independence and its probable reconstruction and inculcation of a distinctive political system 

that appeals to the religio-cultural and socio-political context of Nigeria. Comparatively, 

although the Nigerian political system cannot be completely distanced from the west after 

independence, yet it was an attempt to identify with the Nigerian peculiarities. It was a political 

style that created space only for the elite class whose ideologies metamorphosed into a political 

culture that projects the practice of democracy that seek to realize individual party goals and 

objectives (Brown 2013). By definition, the Nigerian political system is a whole which 

embodies the formation of Government by and for the people. In other words, it is a government 

which is democratic in nature. As copied or borrowed from the west, the formation of a 

democratic government requires well informed and functional political parties each projecting 

its goals and aspirations. Party goals and objectives are expressed in what is democratically 

called party manifestos which are usually underpinned by the parties’ quest to provide 

democratic dividend   to the populace. 

It can be argued that the Nigerian political system as highlighted seems to be entrenched in its 

inherent challenges that have the capacity to mar Nigerian development plans and make a 

caricature of the development of Nigeria in all human spheres. While taking into account the 

challenges of the said political system as practiced in Nigeria, (Jinadu, 2011) delineates that 

while political parties propagate their individual interests, it should not negate the tenets of 

Nigerian sovereignty and national goals and objectives. In other words, every political party 

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within the political system should be informed by goals and objectives that are rooted in the 

Nigerian national goals and objectives. The various arms of government as spelled within the 

Nigerian political system were aimed at not creating institutional interests at the detriment of 

national interest. The executive, legislative and judiciary are institutions working in synergy 

with the Nigerian quest to provide good governance and sustainable development. The aim is 

to further provide interdisciplinary approaches towards achieving the Nigerian goals and 

objectives (Brown, 2013).  

Although the Nigerian political system was well constructed, structured and defined yet the 

achievement of the national goals and objectives remains improbable. The assertion is 

attributed to indifferent dispositions of political institutions which are saddled with the 

responsibilities to enforce and implement institutional precepts towards achieving collective 

goals and objectives. Political parties which constitute part of the Nigerian political system 

have become entities and exercise independent interests at the expense of national interest. The 

attitudinal divergence is expressed in the way and manner in which political campaigns are 

conducted. Extreme propagation of parties’ goals and objectives by party stake holders and 

members has nursed animosity, resentment, bigotry and rivalry. There is no gainsaying that the 

continual incubation of bigotry and rivalry within the Nigerian political system has the 

potentials to relegate national goals and objectives to the margins (Mangvwat, 2008). 

 

POLITICAL RIVALRY IN NIGERIA 

Political rivalry denotes an unhealthy atmosphere within a nation’s political system. Such 

atmosphere is characterized by forms of competition, contention, enmity, conflict, challenges, 

jealousy and antagonism (Stephenson, 2013). Political rivalry can also be described as a contest 

between two political interest groups with cutting edge divergence in their ideologies. It is an 

attempt to exclude a political opponent by using derogatory statements and messages with the 

aim to inflict discouragement and some forms of political defeat.  

Contextually, Nigeria is known for its pluralistic character and how the multiplicity in its 

religio-cultural and socio-political background has brought contention in the political 

atmosphere. The institution of multiple political parties in Nigeria before and after 

independence seems to have contributed in the political rivalry experience in Nigeria. 

Historically, intense competition rivalry broke out, when political parties were name after some 

elites and regions. The competition was further nursed and express through a religio-culturally 

influenced constitutions. Political parties which were supposed to enhance national unity and 

peaceful co-existence have turn into independent elements for discrimination and hegemony.   

 

SCOURGE OF POLITICAL RIVALRY IN NIGERIA 

Historical antecedence has reveal skirmishes of party rivalry in the formation of the four 

republics after independence. In the first republic from 1960 to 1966, there were three parties 



 
 

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Action Group (AG), National Council for the Nigeria and the Cameroun (NCNC) and Northern 

People Congress (NPC) (Orugbani, 2005). The three parties represented three regions with 

three flag bearers representing the interest of their regions at the expense of national goals and 

objectives. The Second Republic (1978-1983) evolved after thirteen years of military rule. 

Although the transition resulted to sustainable development which produced a constitution, 

creation of states and election into states and houses of federal assemblies, yet failed due to the 

loss of confidence in the electoral system. The third Republic (1985-1993) was constituted by 

the announcement of one military regime and the beginning of another. For the fear of the 

unknown, the Babangida administration reduced the number of parties from five to two in the 

quest to draw attention to the collective interest of Nigeria. General Badamasi declared that his 

administration  

Will not handover political power to any person or persons no matter how 

distinguished or wealthy but rather to a virile civilian political organization 

which is openly committed to the purpose of power in the national, nations 

interest? Those who think otherwise and who are parading themselves as 

presidential candidates for 1992 would be disappointed in the end (Alkali, 

1999). 

From the forgoing, it can be inferred that national goals and objectives seemed to be made top 

priority and national unity for sustainable development was made a center stage in the quest to 

offer good governance. However, the cancellation of the presidential primaries of 1992 and 

subsequent cancellation of the entire election called into question the government enthusiasm 

to achieve collective objectives through a credible election. This is further deduced in the 

Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida broadcast as saying, 

It is no longer news that the events which proceeded the armed forces decision 

constitute a set back to the transition programmes and pose a serious dilemma 

to me not only as a person bu also as general and officer of the Nigerian 

Army….no less a dilemma our country men and woman who looked forward to 

that date, January 2, 1993, when our country was suppose to commence the full 

stage of the transition programmes and from other democratic nations around 

the world (Alkali, 1999). 

The annulment of the election and refusing to declare M.K.O. Abiola as the elected 

president of Nigeria even though it was an election that was conducted devoid of ethno-

religious sentiments yet was annulled. The electoral commission was falsely blamed in 

order to mop up the mess towards satisfying an individual interest at the expense of 

national goal and objectives (Falola, 2001).  

The Fourth Republic was a composition of series of elections ranging from 1999, 2003, 

2007 and 2011 which despites their structural adjustments yet seemed to be impotent in 

terms of democratic quality and sustainable development. While sorrowing and lamenting 

in the disposition of party philosophies and ideologies towards the collective interest of 

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Nigeria, Dkihru states parties’ indifferent attitudes towards the Nigerian goals and 

objectives. The multiplicity of parties no matter how well constructed they could be have 

succeeded in promoting individual or party interest more than collective interest 

(Adingupu, 2012).  

In contemporary Nigeria, political party rivalry was the order of the day. This negative 

connotation is expressed through head speeches and messages by party extremist and 

fundamentalists whose quest to project party interest more than national interest was 

undoubtedly noticed (Tamuno, 2015).  Taking root right from skirmishes of party rivalry 

in the First Republic, political parties were initiated and build based on religious and ethnic 

affiliations. The dispositions of some parties towards others are confrontational and only 

seek to threaten democratic governance in Nigeria (Cinjel, 2015). Consequent to the 

contentious atmosphere political rivalry pose to the political system of Nigeria, it can be 

argued that the development plans as highlighted earlier become fantasies and complete 

illusion.    

 

TORWARDS A NATIONAL RESPONSE TO POLITITCAL RILVARY IN 

NIGERIA  

In view of the dwindling peaceful co-existence and holistic development in Nigeria, more 

cogent measures must be put in place to neutralize all forms of threats impeding the tents 

of good governance. Political rivalry and its scourge against Nigeria’s aspirations, call for 

a national response that has the capacity to curtail this ugly situation within the Nigerian 

polity.  

While acknowledging the idea that government response to situations in Nigeria is not 

monolithic, this paper focuses on Nigeria’s collective goals and objectives as the center 

where other interests will inhabit and find their definition. In other words, collective goals 

and objectives should be clearly defined and translated in the language every citizen can 

read and understand. In the Nigerian quest to actualize national unity and sustainable 

development, this paper calls for a deliberate reflection on the Nigerian goals and 

objectives and be considered as the panacea to the contentious atmosphere political rivalry 

has posed to the tenets of the Nigerian government.  

Consequent to the Nigerian civil war in the year 1970, national unity and peaceful co-

existence in the Nigerian society were adversely affected. Religio-cultural and socio-

political intolerance was the order of the day. In response to this mayhem the government 

initiated and articulated cogent goals and objectives which if implemented have the 

capacity to curb rivalry of any sort in Nigeria. Taking into account the role of education in 

nation building, these goals and objectives were endorsed in 1973 as the necessary 

resource for National Policy on Education which was later published in 1977 as a working 

document. It was later pronged into five development goals and objectives for building a 



 
 

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government that could stand the test of time (Eneh 2000). Below is a synthesis of the five 

development goals and objectives re-instated: 

a. Free and democratic society: In view of the contentious atmosphere pose by the 

civil war and the pluralistic nature of Nigeria, this goal and objective seek to create 

and promote inclusivity, equity and opportunities for all citizens irrespective of the 

affiliations.  It further emphasizes full documentation, enlightenment, and 

implementation during and after the emergence of any government in Nigeria 

(Gultung, 1994). Although this goal and objective seem to be marred by political 

rivalry and political bigotry, corruption and projecting individual party interest yet 

its potency is still undiluted and has the capacity to neutralize current party rivalry 

that has resulted into conflicts of different forms in Nigeria.  

b. Just and egalitarian society: Just and egalitarian society connotes a conviction that 

everyone is equal and should have equal rights and opportunities. Chapter four of 

Nigerian constitution re-iterates this objective and made it binding on every citizen 

of Nigeria. The right of every citizen irrespective of his or her political party and 

whatever interest that party projects must still be subservient to this goal. As 

enshrine in the constitution, dignity of human life must be the top priority of every 

political leader in Nigeria. Penalties for violation of this goal are enforced by all 

enforcement agencies in Nigeria (Yusuf, 2017). While acknowledging the harm 

political rivalry have posed this goal, this paper calls for a quick return and 

immediate utilization and enforcement by the judiciary and be considered as one 

of the ultimate panacea curbing the scourge of political rivalry in Nigeria. 

c. United, strong and self-reliant society: This goal and objective is an expression of 

the Nigerian quest to initiate national unity, unshakable and formidable 

government that can stand the test of time and a clarion call of all citizens to 

contribute towards sustaining the independence being celebrated annually 

(Ayodeji and Odukoye 2014). The potency of this goal cannot be underestimated 

because it jeopardizes resentment, animosity and bigotry which are sustained by 

religious, ethnic and political sentiments. It has the capacity effect human capacity 

development towards actualizing a self-reliant society and if it is enforced and 

properly implemented can neutralize political rivalry that have adversely affected 

the tenets of the Nigerian government. 

d. Great and dynamic economy: A great and dynamic economy encompasses 

government capacity to produce, engage in trade with the sole aim of generating 

funds for the smooth running of the government. The second development plan as 

highlighted earlier initiated by General Yakubu Gowon was sorely constructed to 

re-construct the broken wall of hostility due to the civil war and to eradicate 

corruption and organize parties that can contribute in actualizing the achievement 

of the Nigerian goals and objective not party interest that today is being projected 

above national and collective interest (Eneh,2000). Dynamic economy infers an 

economy that is diversified alongside petroleum and other sources of income to the 

Nigerian government. 

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e. A land full of bright opportunities for all citizens: This goal constitutes the 

Nigerian hope in its hopelessness aftermath the civil war. It is an expression that 

seeks to give attention to the natural resources which if harnessed and developed 

can create cogent opportunities for all citizens (Yusuf, 2017). Opportunities for all 

citizens imply a re-iteration on equality and upholding the rights of all citizens 

irrespective of their religio-cultural or socio-political affiliations. If this is properly 

implemented, the idea is that all citizens will have ample employment opportunities 

thereby curtailing idleness that breeds criminality among today’s young Nigerians. 

The enforcement, implementation and actualization of this goal will contribute 

towards mitigating political rivalry since most unemployed young Nigerians are 

used to breed violence and conflicts as an expression of political rivalry by party 

elites and party flag bearers. 

     

CONCLUSION  

Political rivalry as expressed and demonstrated by political parties in the pluralistic context 

of Nigeria calls for a cogent national response to ensure good governance and sustainable 

development. Although there could be alternative responses, this paper offers a distinctive 

response which takes root in the Nigerian development plans. Through a synthesis of the 

five cogent Nigeria’s development goals and objectives, this paper re-discovered the 

potency of these goals in mitigating the current political rivalry in the Nigerian political 

atmosphere. Thus, a quick enforcement and implementation of these goals by the Nigerian 

institution can save Nigeria from the scourge of political rivalry. 

 

  



 
 

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